深夜福利✅_在厨房里两只乳头被吸肿了电影_.手.动.输.入.网.址.联.系.客.服.人.员.lanan_shell
1 Quick Access Recorder (QAR) Data Analysis Software for Windshear and Turbulence Studies H. Haverdings1 National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, Anthony Fokkerweg 2, 1059 CMAmsterdam, The Netherlands and P.W. Chan2 Hong Kong Observatory, 134A Nathan Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China For analysis of low-level windshear and turbulence events at the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA), besides pilot reports routinely received from Air Traffic Control, Quick Access Recorder (QAR) data are obtained from the local airlines by the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). Instead of using directly the wind data recorded on the aircraft by the flight management system (FMS), there has been a collaborative study between HKO and the National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR) in The Netherlands to develop a QAR data analysis software to calculate the meteorological quantities, such as the three components of the wind, windshear hazard factor and turbulence intensity parameters, taking into account the aircraft’s aerodynamic factors (e.g. sideslip angle, angle-of-attack). This paper describes the main features of the calculation software, named WINDSTURB, and illustrates its application to windshear and turbulence studies through selected cases at HKIA. Nomenclature a0 – a3 calibration coefficients Y side/lateral force Ay lateral acceleration α angle of attack cy force coeffi cient ofY-force β sideslip angle D drag true track angle DME Distance Measuring Equipment F fl ap angle EPR Engine Pressure Ratio ε1/3 eddy dissipation rate (EDR) FMS FlightManagement System (non-dim.) vorticity GS groundspeed bias in acceleromet er, co-state vector ILS Instrument Landing System w standard deviation of vertical wind variations LIDAR Light Intensifying Detection And Ranging time lag m aircraft mass ω1, ω2 cut-off frequencies in the calculation of EDR QAR Quick Access Recorder superscripts S surface area b Body TKE Turbulent Kinetic Energy e Earth Twndw window time interval subscripts V inertial speed fin tailfin Va airspeed fus fuselage Vw wind speed impr improved WVE Wake Vortex Encounter wndw window x,y,z position coordinates 1 National Aerospace Laboratory, Anthony Fokkerweg 2, 1059 CMAmsterdam, The Netherlands. 2 Hong Kong Observatory, 134A Nathan Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. 1st AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference 22 - 25 June 2009, San Antonio, Texas AIAA 2009-3871 Copyright © 2009 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 1 Introduction UE to terrain effect and land-sea interaction, landing and departing aircraft at HKIA could experience low-level windshear and turbulence (viz. occurring below 1,600 feet). On average, 1 in 500 flights at HKIA reports encountering signifi cant windshear (headwind/tailwind change of 15 knots or more) and 1 in 2,000 flights reports significant turbulence (moderate or severe). To capture the wind fluctuations, a suite of ground-based and remote sensing meteorological instruments is operated by HKO, including the conventional anemometers, weather buoys, radar wind profilers, a Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) and two LIght Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) systems. Based on the data collected by these instruments, a number of windshear detection algorithms have been developed by HKO and put into operational use at HKIA. Turbulence detection algorithms are under development as well. In the development and verification of the above algorithms, the pilot reports are normally used as “ sky truth”. However, it is commonly accepted that the pilots’ perception of windshear and turbulence is subjective and there could be discrepancies among the reports themselves because there is no “ uniform practice” on how to determine windshear and turbulence despite the best efforts by pilots. Different pilots may refer to different elements in the reporting, such as airspeed or speed trend, indicated by a trend vector arrow available on certain ai rcraft types only. In order to build up an objective database of windshear and turbulence cases for developing detection algorithms, HKO has taken on two steps: (a) to obtain QAR data routinely from the local airlines, and (b) to arrange a collaborative study with an established aerospace laboratory for developing software to process the QAR data and obtain the required meteorological quantities by taking into account the aerodynamic factors of the aircraft types commonly operated by the local airlines. The meteorological parameters for studies of low-level windshear and www.aero.cn 航空翻译 www.aviation.cn 本文链接地址：Quick Access Recorder (QAR) Data Analysis Software
