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曝光台 注意防骗 网曝天猫店富美金盛家居专营店坑蒙拐骗欺诈消费者 1 1 Redesigning Air Traffic Control Workshop Session 1: Airspace, Procedures, and Flight Plans September 21, 2000 Michelle Eshow NASA Ames Research Center meshow@lcs.mit.edu / meshow@arc.nasa.gov 2 Outline u Motivation for ATC R&D u ATC Structure, Facilities u Airspace u Controller Roles and Responsibilities u Delay Causes u Flight Plans and Route Processing u Challenges of Automation for ATC 2 3 Motivation for ATC Automation R&D u ATC system is already beyond its capacity. But FAA predicts that by 2010 the number of passengers will rise 59%, to 1 billion/year. Nothing on the drawing board will handle this increase. (NY Times, 09/05/00) u ATC system is very complex and hard to understand, analyze, or quantify, which makes it interesting! u Current level of automation is rudimentary compared with other systems (eg, aircraft flight control systems) u Application of usable automation to ATC is required to meet air travel demands 4 National Airspace System u Handles: 63,000,000 Tower Assisted Operations u Carries: 544,000,000 Passengers u Over: 537,000,000,000 Revenue Passenger Miles u Using: 18,700 Air Carrier A/C F 170,000 General Aviation A/C u Supported by: 639,000 Pilots F 651,000 Non-pilots u Burning: 18,000,000,000 Gallons of Fuel u Generating: $87,000,000,000 Revenues u Producing: $5,300,000,000 Profit u In Spite of: $3,500,000,000 in Delays 3 5 FAA Statistics u Employs: 48,000 People u Including: 17,000 Air Traffic Controllers u Operating: 21 Centers F 194 TRACONs F 476 Towers F 1 Command Center u Costing: $9,200,000,000 Annual Outlay 6 Functions of Air Traffic Management u Air Traffic Control: u Efficiently manage traffic flow u Provide flight information (weather, facility) u Initiate search and rescue operations Maintain legal separation among aircraft 4 7 ATC Basics u Airline flights are under positive control at all times u Control is effected by voice via radio u Control is handed off from one controller/facility to another as flight proceeds across boundaries F controller directs pilot to speak to next facility on a different radio frequency u Communications include: F speed, heading, altitude instructions (vectors) F notification of other aircraft F which course or runway to expect F contact next facility on new frequency 8 ATM Tactical Information Architecture Future Controller Airline Dispatch AOC Active Controller Host Computer and ATC Information Network Flight Crew Voice ACARS Flight Plan OAG Flight Plan Voice DA’s Procedures Flight Strips, Flight Information Object Slide courtesy of Prof. J. Hansman 5 9 ATC Facilities u Surface (“Ground”) F taxiways u Local Control (“Tower”) F surface to ~5 nm out, 2500 ft altitude u Terminal Area Control/TRACON (“Approach” or “Departure”) F to ~40 nm from airport, ~15K ft altitude (inverted wedding cake) u En-Route Control/ARTCC (“Center”) F between, above TRACONs and everything above 18K ft u Flow Control/ATC Systems Command Center F centralized planning for national flow control (does not directly control flights) 10 Air Traffic Control System ATCT ATCT ARTCC (Center) TRACON TRACON TMU 6 11 US Airspace Sector Structure Slide courtesy of Prof. J. Hansman 12 Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) A facility established to provide air traffic control service to aircraft operating on IFR flight plans within controlled airspace and principally during the en route phase of flight. At some airports not served by an Approach Control facility, the ARTCC provides limited approach control service. When equipment capabilities and controller workload permit, certain advisory/assistance services may be provided to VFR aircraft. Air Traffic Control Manual Order 7110.65 Pilot/Controller Glossary Seattle ZSE Oakland ZOA Los Angeles ZLA Salt Lake City ZLC Minneapolis ZMP Denver ZDV Albuquerque ZAB Kansas City ZKC Ft. Worth ZFW Houston ZHU Chicago ZAU Memphis ZME Atlanta ZTL Indianapolis ZID Jacksonville ZJX Miami ZMA www.aero.cn 航空翻译 www.aviation.cn 本文链接地址：Redesigning Air Traffic Control
