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Performance and technology induced problems Comprehension Management Workload Management Performance Back to manual? LOSS OF CONTROL Negative feedbacks Negative feedbacks Nearloss SMART NEEDED More solutions? Amalberti 16 Tactical and strategic options for rule making Cultural approach to rule making All training should be evaluated, including Human factors training ICAO annexes A good training should combine basic knowledge (classroom), and practice. oinAtviatioAunthorities Amalberti 17 Cultural differences for rule making The southern Mediterranean way of thinking Rules are objectives, goals, stimuli to change behaviours Rules are promoted when no –or very few- actors can comply with Recommendations are useless The US and Northern Europe way of thinking Rules are references They are set when all of the field actors can comply with Recommendations prepare field actors, well before the rule, to comply with the future rule oinAtviatioAunthorities Amalberti 18 Competing philosophies for training design Philosophy 2 : The ECOLOGICAL APPROACH Philosophy 1 : The NORMATIVE APPROACH Aviation operations cannot be entirely specified through standardized procedures, programs, and the like. One reason is it includes Humans. Aviation operations can be entirely specified through standardized procedures, programs, schedules, rules, nominal tasks, certification, selection, norms Safety improvement will result from a better respect of the “ecology” of the system and a better acknowledgment of its self-protection mechanisms Safety improvement will result from more specification and more discipline from the operators; Deviations from nominal operation are both a necessity for adaptation to random dimension of real life, and a potential threat for safety Deviations from nominal operation are both a cause of lower performance, and the main threat for safety Human operators are up to now the only intelligent, flexible and real time adaptable component of the system. They are a deposit and source of safety Human operators are ultimately the only unpredictable and unspecifiable components of the system. They are the main source of deviation; Errors are deviations from operator’s intentions, but at the same time they are part of the normal process of achieving intentions. Errors are necessary Errors are non intentional but regrettable deviations from standard actions. Errors are unfortunately inevitable Human operators are auto-organized structures, coupled through recursive processes of self regulation, and ultimately governed by their internal intentions The human operator is one more “black-box” coupled through inputs (perceptive data) which are transformed into outputs (actions) according to specified targets (goals) using adequate transfer functions (procedures, skills,..) Amalberti 19 JARs / HF TRAINING JAR FCL Cockpit crew training 1.160, 1470 Ab initio : theoretical knowledge in HF / Theoretical HF examination to get the ATPL - Compliant with ICAO annex 1 1.240 Flight check licensing : demonstrating ability in crew co-ordination and airman ship, requirements extended into MCC regulations JAR OPS Recurrent training Cockpit & Cabin Crew 1.940, 45, 55, 65 CRM for cockpit crews. Recent change of requirements following the NPA 16, compliant with ICAO annex 6 CRM for Cabin crew : TGL5 in progress oinAtviatioAunthorities Amalberti 20 JAR FCL HPL Zoom on HF training flight crew & on the NPA 16 CRM Cockpit crew ATPL MCC JAR OPS Theoretical course in Human Factors according JAR FCL Initial CRM 1st year Recurrent CRM 3Yrs cycle Modular/LOFT Command course CRM training Conversion course CRM training when changing aeroplane type Conversion course CRM training when changing operator Amalberti 21 NPA 16. Appendix 1.965 New need for CRM assessment (ii) The flight crew must be assessed on their CRM skills in accordance with a methodology acceptable to the Authority and published in the Operations Manual. The purpose of such assessment is to: (A) Provide feedback to the individual and serve to www.aero.cn 航空翻译 www.aviation.cn 本文链接地址：航空资料21
